Monday, April 9, 2012

Business Texts and Cases Ch27 Checks and Banking in the Digital Age


Chapter 27


Checks and Banking
in the Digital Age



TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

A1.      A cashier’s check is an instrument in which a bank draws a check on itself.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     544                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B1.      UCC Articles 3 and 4 govern checks.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     544                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A2.      A bank that has certified a check is under no obligation to accept it.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     545                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B2.      A check is a special type of certificate of deposit.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A3.      A person who writes a bad check is subject to a civil suit only.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     546                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B3.      Certified checks are instruments that have been accepted for payment by the institutions on which they are drawn.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     545                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A4.      A drawer is liable to the holder of a check if the check is not honored.

            answer:    T                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B4.      A bank is subject to a civil suit if its customer writes a bad check.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     546                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A5.      Once a check “bounces,” a holder cannot resubmit it for payment.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B5.      Generally, a bank has no obligation to pay a customer’s overdrafts.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A6.      The death of a customer revokes a bank’s authority to pay an item.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B6.      When a check “bounces,” its holder can resubmit the check later, hop­ing that suf­ficient funds will be available.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A7.      A stale check is one that has been outstanding for longer than one month.

            answer:    f                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B7.      A bank has no right to charge a customer’s account for the amount of a stale check.

            answer:    f                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A8.      An oral stop payment order is valid for fourteen days.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B8.      The incompetence of a customer revokes a bank’s authority to pay an item.

            answer:    f                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A9.      A bank that pays a customer’s check with a forged drawer’s signature can generally pass the loss onto the customer.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     549                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B9.      A bank is obligated to pay an uncertified check presented less than six months from its date.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A10.    A customer who fails to examine a bank statement and report a forged signa­ture may be liable for later forgeries by the same wrongdoer.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     551                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B10.    A check carries with it an implied promise to reimburse the bank for paying the check.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A11.    A bank that fails to detect an alteration to its customer’s check is liable to the customer for the loss.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     552                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B11.    An oral stop payment order is valid for thirty days.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A12.    A bank cannot recover from a holder who cashes a check bearing a forged indorsement once the bank has accepted and paid the item.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     552                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B12.    A forged signature is effective as the signature of a drawer to the extent that is resembles the drawer’s actual signature.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     549                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A13.    Generally, the funds represented by a deposited local check must be avail­able for withdrawal within one business day.

            answer:    T                              PAGE:     555                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B13.    A customer does not need to examine a bank statement and report his or her forged signa­ture to recover from the bank for the forgery.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     551                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A14.    The first bank to receive a check for payment is the depositary bank.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     556                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B14.    Generally, a cash deposit is not available for withdrawal until the next business day.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     555                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A15.    Each bank in a collection chain must pass a check on before midnight of the day of its receipt.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     557                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Critical Thinking

B15.    The bank on which a check is drawn is the payor bank.

            answer:    T                              PAGE:     556                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A16.    A bank that encodes information on an item after its issue warrants to any subsequent bank that the information is correct.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     559                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B16.    The Federal Reserve System acts as a clearinghouse where banks exchange checks.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     558                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A17.    Stored-value cards are a form of digital cash.

            answer:    T                              PAGE:     560                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Critical Thinking

B17.    Financial institutions that exchange digital images of checks eventually must exchange the original paper checks.

            answer:    F                              PAGE:     561                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A18.    Under the Check Clearing in the 21st Century Act, a substitute check is the legal equivalent of an original check.

            answer:    t                              PAGE:     561                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B18.    If a customer’s debit card is lost or stolen, the customer will not be liable for any unauthorized use of the card.

            ANSWER:    F                              PAGE:     562                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A19.    Financial institutions that exchange digital images of checks do not have to exchange the original paper checks.

            answer:    T                              PAGE:     561                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B19.    Gaining unauthorized access to an electronic fund transfer system is a felony.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     563                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

A20.    A customer has sixty days from the date of receipt of a statement of an electronic transfer to notify the financial institution of any er­rors.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     562                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal

B20.    Currently, it is not clear which, if any, laws apply to the security of e-money payment information.

            ANSWER:    T                              PAGE:     565                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Analytic                     AICPA Legal



MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

A1.      Rikki signs a check “pay to the order of Scholar University” drawn on Rikki’s account in State Bank to pay her tuition. Rikki is

a.         the certifier.
b.         the drawee.
c.         the drawer.
d.         the payee.

            ANSWER:    C                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B1.      Ian buys a cell phone in Jiffy Mart, using the means that accounts for more retail payments than any other. This means of payment is

a.         a commercial check.
b.         a debit card.
c.         a personal check.
d.         a trade acceptance.

            ANSWER:    B                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A2.      Scott presents an instrument that states “pay to the order of Scott” to Town Bank for payment. This instrument is the most common type of negotiable instrument, which is

a.         a certificate of deposit.
b.         a check.
c.         a note.
d.         a trade acceptance.

            ANSWER:    B                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B2.      Kris presents an instrument that states “pay to the order of Liv” to Metro Bank for payment. This is a special type of draft drawn on a bank, ordering the bank to pay a fixed amount of money on demand. This is

a.         a certificate of deposit.
b.         a check.
c.         a debit card transaction receipt.
d.         a trade acceptance.

            ANSWER:    B                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A3.      Elmo pays First National Bank $1,000 plus a service fee to draw a check on itself made payable to Go Delivery Service. This is

a.         a cashier’s check.
b.         a certified check.
c.         a trade acceptance.
d.         a traveler’s check.

            ANSWER:    A                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B3.      Brendan signs a check “pay to the order of City College Bookstore” drawn on his account in Delta Bank to pay for his current semester’s textbooks. The bookstore deposits the check in its account in Eagle Bank. Like most checks, this check is

a.         a one-party instrument.
b.         a four-party instrument.
c.         a three-party instrument.
d.         a two-party instrument.

            ANSWER:    C                        PAGE:           544                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A4.      First Community Bank agrees to accept a check by setting aside suffi­cient funds to cover the amount. This check is considered

a.         cashed.
b.         certified.
c.         deposited.
d.         provisionally credited.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     545                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B4.      Jen signs a check “pay to the order of Key” drawn on Jen’s account in Little Bank to buy Key’s car. Jen asks Little Bank to indicate on the face of the check that it will accept it when Key presents it for payment. If the bank agrees, this will be

a.         a cashier’s check.
b.         a certified check.
c.         a trade acceptance.
d.         a traveler’s check.

            ANSWER:    B                        PAGE:           545                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A5.      Kip writes a check for $1,000 drawn on Local Bank and presents it to Mira. Mira presents the check for payment to Local Bank, which dis­hon­ors it. The party most likely liable to Mira is

a.         Kip in a civil suit.
b.         Kip in a criminal prosecution.
c.         Local Bank in an administrative proceeding.
d.         neither Kip nor Local Bank.

ANSWER:    A                              PAGE:     546                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B5.      Pat, the manager of Quik Mart, deposits the store’s receipts in its account at Regional Bank. As to the receipts, the relation­ship between Quik Mart and the bank is

a.         attorney and client.
b.         creditor and debtor.
c.         guardian and ward.
d.         trustee and beneficiary.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     546                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal
A6.      Thelma signs a check “pay to the order of Uri” drawn on Thelma’s account in Verity Bank. Thelma has $400 in her account but the amount of the check is $500, which the bank pays. This is

a.         a dishonored check.
b.         an overdraft.
c.         a postdated check.
d.         a stale check.

            ANSWER:    B                        PAGE:           547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B6.      Dan writes a check to Emma on his account at First State Bank. The bank dishonors the check even though Dan has sufficient funds in his ac­count. The bank is

a.         liable to Dan only.
b.         liable to Dan and Emma.
c.         liable to Emma only.
d.         not liable to Dan or Emma.

ANSWER:    A                              PAGE:     546                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A7.      Liu signs a check “pay to the order of Marv” drawn on Liu’s account in National Bank. Liu later orders National not to pay the check, but the bank pays it over Liu’s order. Subsequent checks written on Liu’s account “bounce.” Most likely liable for the costs to Liu is

a.         any party to whom a subsequent check was written.
b.         Liu.
c.         Marv.
d.         National.

            ANSWER:    C                        PAGE:           547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B7.      Dora writes a check for $100 drawn on Eastern Bank and presents it to Fast Cash, Inc., for payment. If the check is not backed by sufficient funds, Dora may be prosecuted for

a.        forgery.
b.        fraud.
c.        negligence.
d.        robbery.

ANSWER:   B                              PAGE:     547                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-1A (Questions A8 and A9 apply)
Echo takes her car to Fix-It, Inc., which repairs the car and bills Echo for $500. Echo writes out a check drawn on Capital Bank, but later, believing that Fix-It did not repair the car properly, issues a stop-payment order.

A8.      Refer to Fact Pattern 27-1A. Capital Bank pays the check. Capital

a.         can sue Echo for a wrongful stop-payment order.
b.         can sue Fix-It for breach of contract.
c.         can sue no one because it paid a check that was not properly payable.
d.         is liable for Echo’s loss due to the wrongful payment.

ANSWER:    D                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal


B8.      Dhani signs a check “pay to the order of Etan” drawn on Dhani’s account in First State Bank and dates the check “May 1.” Etan presents the check to the bank for payment on December 15. This is

a.         a dishonored check.
b.         an overdraft.
c.         a postdated check.
d.         a stale check.

            ANSWER:    D                        PAGE:           547                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-1A (Questions A8 and A9 apply)
Echo takes her car to Fix-It, Inc., which repairs the car and bills Echo for $500. Echo writes out a check drawn on Capital Bank, but later, believing that Fix-It did not repair the car properly, issues a stop-payment order.

A9.      Refer to Fact Pattern 27-1A. Capital Bank

a.         is liable to Fix-It for the amount of the check.
b.         must stop payment if Capital has a reasonable time to act.
c.         need not stop payment unless Echo had a valid reason to act.
d.         need not follow Echo’s order unless the check was certified.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B9.      Earl issues a check drawn on First National Bank to Good Office Supply to pay for six filing cabinets. Later, Earl discovers defects in the goods and orders First National to stop payment on the check. Earl does not renew the order, and the bank clears the check eight months later. The bank

a.         must recredit Earl’s account and substitute acceptable goods.
b.         must recredit Earl’s account or substitute acceptable goods.
c.         must substitute acceptable goods but not recredit Earl’s account.
d.         need not recredit Earl’s account or substitute acceptable goods.

ANSWER:    D                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A10.    John writes a check to Kay as payment for a DVD player but soon discov­ers the player is broken. He goes to the drawee bank and orally author­izes Larry, a bank officer, to stop payment on the check. This order is valid for

a.         fourteen days.
b.         fourteen months.
c.         six days.
d.         six months.

ANSWER:    A                              PAGE:     548                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B10.    Steve steals one of Tricia’s checks and forges her signature. Tricia’s bank, Unity Bank, pays the check. Tricia can recover from

a.         Steve, but not Unity Bank.
b.         Unity Bank, which cannot recover from Steve.
c.         Unity Bank, which can recover from Steve.
d.         no one.

ANSWER:    C                              PAGE:     549                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A11.    Brandy forges Caleb’s signature on a check “payable to the order of Brandy” drawn on Caleb’s account in Downtown Bank. Caleb’s forged signature is

a.         effective if an innocent third party accepts the check.
b.         effective to the degree that it matches Caleb’s genuine signature.
c.         effective to the extent that Downtown Bank debits Caleb’s account.
d.         not effective.

            ANSWER:    D                        PAGE:           549                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B11.    Trudy forges Uma’s signature on a check “payable to the order of Trudy” drawn on Una’s account in Verity Bank. Most likely, if the bank pays the check

a.         the Federal Reserve will reimburse all parties for their costs.
b.         the loss will be apportioned among all of Verity’s customers.
c.         Uma will be liable for the amount.
d.         Verity will have to recredit Uma’s account.

            ANSWER:    D                        PAGE:           549                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A12.    Dru signs a check “pay to the order of Eppie” drawn on Dru’s account in First Federal Bank. Greta forges Eppie’s indorsement. First Federal pays the check. Most likely

a.         Dru will be liable for the amount.
b.         Eppie will have to pay Dru for the amount.
c.         First Federal will have to recredit Dru’s account.
d.         the Federal Reserve will reimburse all parties for their costs.

            ANSWER:    C                        PAGE:           552                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B12.    Simon signs a check “pay to the order of Tilly” drawn on Simon’s account in United Bank. Vela forges Tilly’s indorsement, First Federal Bank cashes the check, and Vela disappears. United pays First Federal and debits Simon’s account. Most likely, the ultimate loss will fall on

a.         Simon.
b.         Trudy.
c.         United Bank.
d.         First Federal Bank.

            ANSWER:    C                        PAGE:           552                          TYPE:      N
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A13.    Ed can write checks on his account at First City Bank. Gina steals the checks, forges Ed’s signature, and cashes the checks at First City.  The bank is excused from any liability if, after receipt of the first forged check, Ed fails to report the forgeries within

a.         five days.
b.         fourteen days.
c.         one year.
d.         three years.

            answer:    C                              PAGE:     552                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B13.    Clyde issues a check payable to Discount Mart. Elle, Discount’s cashier, forges the store’s indorsement and deposits the check in her bank ac­count. Clyde’s bank, First State Bank, pays the check. Clyde can recover from

a.         Elle, but not First State Bank.
b.         First State Bank, which cannot recover from Elle.
c.         First State Bank, which can recover from Elle.
d.         no one.

ANSWER:    C                              PAGE:     552                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-2A  (Questions A14 and A15 apply)
Ruth opens an account with State Bank under an agreement in which the bank reserves the right to charge the account for any item returned due to its unau­thorized alteration.

A14.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-2A. The agreement between Ruth and State Bank

a.         cannot change the effect of the UCC.
b.         is in accord with the UCC.
c.         violates federal banking regulations.
d.         violates the UCC.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     553                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B14.    On Monday, Eve deposits in her account at First State Bank a local check for $500. After 5:00 p.m. on Friday, from these funds, Eve can withdraw no more than

            a.         $100.
            b.         $400.
            c.         $500.
            d.         $600.

            answer:    C                              PAGE:     555                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-2A  (Questions A14 and A15 apply)
Ruth opens an account with State Bank under an agreement in which the bank reserves the right to charge the account for any item returned due to its unau­thorized alteration.

A15.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-2A. Tom deposits an altered check in Ruth’s ac­count. When Unity Bank, the check’s drawee bank, re­turns the item due to its alteration, State Bank files a suit against Ruth to recover the amount. The court is most likely to rule that

a.         Ruth does not have to pay, because she did not indorse the check.
b.         State Bank is entitled to recover under its account agreement.
c.         Tom is the party from whom State Bank should seek recovery.
d.         Unity Bank is the party from whom State Bank should seek recovery.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     553                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-1B  (Questions B15–B17 apply)
Tom draws a check, on his account in State Bank in New York, payable to Digital Computers, Inc., in San Francisco. Digital deposits the check in its ac­count at First National Bank. First National deposits the check in the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, which transfers it to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. That Federal Reserve bank sends the check to State Bank.

B15.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-1B.  Digital’s bank is

            a.         the cashing bank.
            b.         the depositary bank.
            c.         the intermediary bank.
            d.         the payor bank.

            answer:    B                              PAGE:     556                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A16.    On Monday morning, Bob deposits into his account at County Bank a $500 check from Dina, who also has an account at County Bank. On that same day, this check is considered

a.         cashiered.
b.         certified.
c.         paid.
d.         provisionally credited.

ANSWER:    D                              PAGE:     556                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-1B  (Questions B15–B17 apply)
Tom draws a check, on his account in State Bank in New York, payable to Digital Computers, Inc., in San Francisco. Digital deposits the check in its ac­count at First National Bank. First National deposits the check in the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, which transfers it to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. That Federal Reserve bank sends the check to State Bank.

B16.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-1B. Tom’s bank is

            a.         the cashing bank.
            b.         the depositary bank.
            c.         the intermediary bank.
            d.         the payor bank.

            answer:    D                              PAGE:     556                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-3A  (Questions A17 and A18 apply)
Mike loses his National Bank access card. He realizes his loss the next day but waits a week to call National. Meanwhile, Opal finds and uses Mike’s card to withdraw $3,000 from Mike’s account.

A17.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-3A. Mike is responsible for

a.         $0.
b.         $50.
c.         $500.
d.         $3,000.

ANSWER:    C                              PAGE:     562                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-1B  (Questions B15–B17 apply)
Tom draws a check, on his account in State Bank in New York, payable to Digital Computers, Inc., in San Francisco. Digital deposits the check in its ac­count at First National Bank. First National deposits the check in the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, which transfers it to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. That Federal Reserve bank sends the check to State Bank.

B17.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-1B. When Digital’s bank received the check, it was required to pass it on

a.         before midnight of the next banking day.
b.         before midnight of the next day, whether or not it was a “banking” day.
c.         before noon of the next banking day.
d.         within five business days.

            answer:    A                              PAGE:     557                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

Fact Pattern 27-3A  (Questions A17 and A18 apply)
Mike loses his National Bank access card. He realizes his loss the next day but waits a week to call National. Meanwhile, Opal finds and uses Mike’s card to withdraw $3,000 from Mike’s account.

A18.    Refer to Fact Pattern 27-3A. When Mike receives his National statement, he demands that the bank investigate the matter and recredit his ac­count. The bank

a.         has no duty to investigate.
b.         must investigate and, if the dispute is not resolved within ten days, recredit Mike’s account (at least until the dispute is resolved).
c.         must investigate and immediately recredit Mike’s account (at least until the dispute is resolved).
d.         must investigate but need not recredit Mike’s account.

ANSWER:    B                              PAGE:     562                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B18.    First National Bank receives a check drawn on the account of Get-Rich Industries, Inc., one of the bank’s customers, at 3 p.m. Friday. Harry, the pre­senter of the check, is not one of the bank’s customers. The bank uses de­ferred posting with a 2 p.m. cutoff hour. If it decides to dis­honor the check, it must do so by midnight

a.         Saturday.
b.         Sunday.
c.         Monday.
d.         Tuesday.

            ANSWER:    D                              PAGE:     557                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A19.    First State Bank has fourteen branch offices. First State must establish market areas contiguous to these offices under

            a.         the Community Reinvestment Act.
            b.         the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation E.
c.         the Federal Trade Commission Act.
d.         the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act.

            answer:    A                              PAGE:     565                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B19.    Dina’s debit card, issued by Eagle Bank, is stolen and used without Dina’s permission. Dina tells Eagle Bank within thirty days. Dina may be re­quired to pay no more than

a.         $5.
b.         $50.
c.         $500.
d.         $5,000.

            ANSWER:    C                              PAGE:     562                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

A20.    E-Bank, an online financial institution, gives financial information about Paula and other customers to a federal agency without the cus­tomers’ permission. E-Bank may be liable under

a.         the Federal Trade Commission Act.
b.         the Financial Services Modernization Act.
c.         the Right to Financial Privacy Act.
d.         the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

ANSWER:    C                              PAGE:     566                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal

B20.    Pete knowingly divulges to Media Exposure magazine information about Randy’s e-money payments to City Bank. The payments were in trans­mission to City Bank when Pete, without the consent of Randy or City Bank, discovered and revealed them. This may be a violation of

            a.         the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.
            b.         the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation E.
c.         the Right to Financial Privacy Act.
d.         the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

            answer:    A                              PAGE:     566                          TYPE:      =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Legal


Essay Questions

A1.  Hoppy steals two checks from Eagle Retail Stores, Inc.: a blank check and a check payable to the order of General Supplies Company (GSC), drawn on Eagle’s account with First National Bank. Hoppy forges Eagle’s signa­ture on the blank check and makes it payable to himself. Hoppy forges GSC’s indorsement on the back of the check payable to GSC, and adds “Pay to the order of Hoppy.” At Friendly Credit, Inc., Hoppy indorses the back of both checks with his own name and gives them to Friendly for cash. Friendly does not know about the theft or the forged signatures and presents the checks to First National, which pays them. Eagle, which was not negli­gent, discovers the forgeries and asks First National to recredit its ac­count. Who suffers the loss on each check?

            ANSWER:    First National will suffer the loss of the amount on the blank check unless it can recover from Hoppy. Friendly will suffer the loss on the amount on the check with the forged indorsement of GSC unless Friendly, too, can recover from Hoppy. When the signature of a drawer is forged, the drawer has not been negligent, and the drawee bank pays the check over the forged signature, the party who bears the loss is the drawee bank. The bank has a right to recover from the party who forged the signature, or from any party who does not take the check in good faith and for value, or who changes his or her position in reliance on payment or ac­ceptance. Here, regarding the blank check, Eagle, the drawer, was not negligent, its signature was forged, and First National, the drawee bank, paid the check over the forged signature. (First National cannot recover from Friendly on the basis of a breach of a presentment warranty, because Friendly war­ranted only that it did not know the drawer’s signature was forged.) First National has a right to recover from Hoppy, but in most cases, actual re­covery from a thief is a remote possibility. Because Friendly took the check in good faith and for value, First National does not have a right to recover the amount of this check from Friendly. A bank that pays a customer’s check bearing a forged indorsement must recredit the cus­tomer’s account. A forged indorsement does not transfer title, however, and so whoever takes a check with a forged indorsement cannot become a holder and will likely suffer a loss on the check. (A subsequent transfer of the check breaches the presentment warranty that in effect there are no unauthorized in­dorsements.) In this problem, First National must recredit Eagle’s ac­count, but First National can recover the amount from Friendly, who did not acquire title to the check and thus did not become a holder. Friendly has a right to recover from Hoppy, but again actual recovery is unlikely.

PAGES:         549–552                    type:   =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Decision Modeling

B1.  Joy steals a check from Kyle, forges his signature, and transfers the check to Loco Loans, Inc., for value. Unaware that the signature is not Kyle’s, Loco Loans presents the check to Metro Bank, the drawee, which cashes the check. Kyle discovers the forgery and insists that Metro recredit his account. Can Metro refuse? If not, from whom can the bank recover?

            ANSWER:    Metro cannot refuse to recredit Kyle’s account under the facts as stated in this problem. The general rule is that a bank must re­credit a customer’s account when it pays on the customer’s forged signa­ture. Thus, the bank here cannot collect from its customer. Furthermore, a bank has no right to recover from a holder who, without knowledge, cashes a check bearing a forged drawer’s signa­ture, which appears to be the circumstance in this problem. Therefore, Metro cannot collect from Loco Loans either. The bank can collect the amount of the check from the thief who forged the signature, however. The bank’s best course of action is to charge Joy.

PAGES:         549–551                    type:   =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Decision Modeling

A2.  City Bank mistakenly transfers $1,000 from the account of Donna, its cus­tomer, to the account of Earl in First Federal Bank. The transfer is done electronically. When City Bank learns of the mistake, it credits Donna’s account and asks First Federal to “return” $1,000. First Federal refuses. City Bank files a suit against First Federal, claiming that it is violation of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act. How might the court rule?

            ANSWER:    The court will likely rule in favor of First Federal on City Bank’s claim under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA). The EFTA does not apply because the plaintiff and defendant are financial institu­tions, not con­sumers. The EFTA covers only elec­tronic fund trans­fers made by con­sumers. Transfers between financial institutions are not cov­ered under the EFTA. City Bank may recover under other legal theo­ries, however, possibly including a cause founded on Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code.

PAGES:         562 & 563                 type:   =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Decision Modeling

B2.  Tiny authorizes United Bank to make transfers from his account to make payments on his debt to Vic’s Auto Dealership, which sold Tiny the car that serves as collateral for the debt. After three payments, Vic’s repos­sesses the car and refuses to return it. Tiny phones the bank to stop the payments and follows up with a confirm­ing letter. The bank fails to stop the next two payments, and Vic’s refuses to refund anything. Can Tiny get his money from the bank? Explain.

            ANSWER:    Yes. Under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA), a financial institution is liable for failing to stop payment of a preautho­rized transfer from a cus­tomer’s ac­count when instructed to do so under the ac­count’s terms and conditions, which likely require that notice must precede a scheduled payment within a certain period of time. For other electronic transactions, reversal is generally not possible, however, be­cause of the instantaneous nature of the transactions, and the EFTA does not provide for their reversal.

PAGES:         562–563                    type:   =
                        NAT: AACSB Reflective                                                   AICPA Decision Modeling


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